Farther Rules
The phrase connected with a preposition does
not affect on determining the antecedent of a sentence.
The
students of this class have learnt their lessons.
# When antecedents are preceded by
each, either, neither, every, many a, the pronoun should be always singular.
Each
of the boys has done his duty.
When locating the antecedent, ignore explanatory
phrases beginning with as well as, in addition to, and not, together with,
accompanied by or with, rather than etc. Here pronoun should be according to
its real antecedent.
Jony,
as well as his brother, is on his way.
Collective nouns such as committee jury, faculty,
class, crowd, army etc. May be either singer or plural depending upon their
meaning in the sentence. So when you are referring to that group as a single
unit, use a singular pronoun.
The
class had its picture taken.
The
Jury brought in their split verdict.
AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT
So, too, and also
have the same meaning but so is used before auxiliary verbs and too and also
are used after auxiliary verbs.
* When a form of the verb be is
used in the main clause, the same tense of the verb be is used in the simple
statement the follows.
affirmative statement (be)+and + subject +verb
(be)+too so + verb (be) + subject
My
wife is happy, and I am too.
My
wife is happy and so am I.
* When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for example:-
will
go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc, occurs in the main
clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the
subject and verb must agree.
affirmative
statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too
so
+auxiliary only + subject
They
will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
They
will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
* When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries
in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple
statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.
affirmative statement +and +subject + do, does, or
did+too
so +do,does,
or did+subject
Jane
goes to that school, and my sister does too.
Jane
goes to that school, and so does my sister.
IDENTIFICATION OF PHRASE AND CLAUSE
In
the parts of speech section, you have successfully identified different parts
of speech. That concept will help you more to identify different phrases and
clauses. The clues for identifying different parts of speech and phrases or
clauses are all the same. So you should try to understand this,
AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT
IDENTIFICATION
OF PHRASE AND CLAUSE
NEGATIVE
AGREEMENT
Although
it is not very much important for your admission test.
Noun phrase:- If a phrase is used as the
subject or object of a verb it is noun phrase.
A
man of letters is respected everywhere.
Adjective phrase:- If a phrase is used to
qualify a noun. It may be used with a preposition.
The
river in front of my house is big.
Prepositional phrase:- When a phrase is used to
relate a phrase or word in a sentence, it is prepositional phrase.
The
river in front of my house is big.
Conjunction phrase:- When a phrase is used to
join a clause, it is called conjunction phrase.
You
should come as soon as you can.
Interjection phrase:- When a phrase is used to
express emotion, it is called interjection phrase.
What
a shame! You have lost.
Noun clause:- If any clause is used as the
subject or object of a verb, it is then noun clause.
What
is lotted cannot be blotted.
I
said that it was obsolete.
Adjective Clause:- When a clause is used to
qualify a noun or a pronoun it is then adjective clause.
The
man who came here is poor.
I
saw the ring which was lost.
- When any clause is used to qualify a verb, it is
then the adverb clause.
He
could not come because he was ill.
He
was riding when I saw him.
PARALLELISM
The
elements of a sentence that are alike in function should be alike in form.
Not
parallel: Jami is rich, handsome, and many people like him.
Parallel:
Jami is rich, handsome and popular.
Not
parallel : Nadia likes to fish, swim and surfing.
Parallel:
Nadia likes to finish, to swim and to surf.
or,
Nadia
likes fishing, swimming and surfing.
Not
parallel: Ashraf entered the room. sat down and is opening his book.
Parallel
: Ashraf entered the room, sat down and opened his book.
Many
parallel elements are linked by a co-ordinating conjunction (and, or, but) Or
by correlatives
[both---and, either—or, neither---nor, not only--- but also, etc].
In
the following examples, verbals used as subjects and complements are parallel
in form.
Seeing
is believing.
To
define flora is to define climate.
Repeating a preposition, an article, the ‘to’
of the infinitive, or the introductory word of a phrase or clause can make
parallel structure clear.
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