Present Perfect Tense

By : Mustafij

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Present Perfect Tense: 
Definition: কোন কাজ এই মাত্র শেষ হয়েছে কিন্তু তার ফল এখনও বিদ্যমান এরূপ বোঝালে তাকে Present Perfect Tense বলে ।

 1.   Which sentence is correct?

Top of Form

 I’ve see that film before.  
 I’ve seen that film before.   
 I’ve saw that film before.   

Using the Present Perfect

Unfinished Actions

We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' an action or state has continued with 'since' and 'for'. Often, we use stative verbs in this situation: I’ve known Karen since 1994. She's lived in London for three years.

'Since' and 'For'

We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year, two hours ago). The fixed time can be another action, indicated with the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived): I've known Sam since 1992. I've liked chocolate since I was a child. She's been here since 2pm. We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months): I've known Julie for ten years. I've been hungry for hours. She's had a cold for a week.

Finished Actions

1: life experience (we don't say when the experience happened, just sometime in the past) I have been to Tokyo. She has lived in Germany. They have visited Paris three times. We have never seen that film. Have you ever read 'War and Peace'?

2: a finished action with a result in the present (focus on result) I’ve lost my keys (so I can’t get into my house) She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today) They've missed the bus (so they will be late) I've cooked dinner (so you should come and eat)

3: with an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today, in the last year) I haven't seen her this month. She's drunk three cups of coffee today. This week they've been shopping four times.

4: Use it to describe events that happened in the past and are still true now because you can see the result.

                I’ve broken my leg!
                David has painted his house.

5: Use it to describe experiences in your life.
                I’ve been to New York three times in my life.

 However, you cannot use the present perfect to describe experiences in someone’s life if that person has died.            
                Michael Jackson performed in Britain many times.

                NOT

                Michael Jackson has performed in Britain many times.

6: Use it to describe events that started in the past and are still happening now.
                I’ve lived here all my life (and I live here now).
                John has worked here for 10 years (and he works here now).

Never refer to a finished time with a present perfect verb.

Note: We can’t use the present perfect with a finished time word:
(NOT) I’ve seen him yesterday.

'Been' and 'Gone'

In this tense, we use both 'been' and 'gone' as the past participle of 'go', but in slightly different circumstances.

Been

We use 'been' (often when we talk about 'life experience') to mean that the person being talked about has visited the place, and come back. Notice the preposition 'to': I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live) She has been to school today (but now she's back at home) They have never been to California.

Gone

We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person is at the place now: 'Where's John?' 'He's gone to the shops' (he's at the shops now) Julie has gone to Mexico (now she's in Mexico) They've gone to Japan for three weeks (now they're in Japan)

Form:  গঠনঃ
Make the present perfect in this way.

Positive : Sub + have / has + V3 + Extension.

I  / you / they / we	have / ‘ve	past participle
he / she / it	has / ‘s

Examples:           I’ve seen him; they’ve gone; she’s taken my bag.      

Negative : Sub + have not / has not +V3 + Extension.

I / you / they / we	haven’t / ‘ve not	past participle
he / she / it	hasn’t / ‘s not

Examples:           I haven’t seen him; they haven’t gone yet; she’s not been here.

Questions  : Have / Has + Sub + V3 + Extension ?

Have	you / they / we	past participle?
Has	he / she / it

Examples:           Have you seen him? Has she taken my bag?

Positive	Positive Short Form
I have played.	I've played.
You have worked.	You’ve worked.
He has written.	He’s written.
She has walked.	She’s walked.
It has rained.	It’s rained.
We have travelled.	We’ve travelled.
They have studied.	They’ve studied.

Negative:  Just put 'not' after 'have' or 'has':

Negative	Negative Short Form
I have not eaten breakfast today.	I haven't eaten.
You have not been to Asia.	You haven't been.
He has not seen the new film.	He hasn't seen.
She has not played tennis.	She hasn't played.
It has not snowed this winter.	It hasn't snowed.
We have not slept all night.	We haven't slept.
They have not tried the food.	They haven't tried.

Question:  Put 'have' or 'has' in front of the subject:

'Yes / No' Questions

Have I missed the bus?

Have you visited London?

Has he worked as a waiter before?

Has she met John?

Has it been cold this week?

Have we arrived too early?

Have they studied English grammar before?

'Wh' questions:  We just put the question word before 'have' or 'has':

'Wh' Questions

Where have I left my umbrella?

What have you done today?

Why has he gone already?

Where has she been in the UK?

Why has it rained so much this summer?

What have we done?

Where have they learned English before?

Common mistakes:
1) Don’t use the present perfect to refer to a finished time.
I’ve hurt my arm yesterday.                        =>           I’ve hurt my arm.                            

John’s been to New York last month.     =>           John’s been to New York.